glaciers and warfare
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An Interview With Wesley Morgan on Warfare in the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan
The author of a recent book explains how the mountainous terrain and complex linguistic landscape limited U.S. military operations in the Pech Valley.
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In India-Pakistan Standoff, Siachen Glacier Is No Passive Bystander
A recent study shows how on Siachen Glacier, the impacts of high-altitude warfare are two-way. As India and Pakistan’s armies have harmed the glacier, Siachen’s brutal conditions have also constrained military operations.
COP31, the 2026 United Nations Climate Change Conference, aims to advance dialogue, strengthen consensus, and accelerate climate action on a global scale. From November 9–20, 2026 in Antalya, Türkiye, heads of state, ministers, scientists, business leaders, and civil society will gather to advance efforts in emission targets, climate finance, and adaptation and resilience. Once again, our experts, students, and global thought leaders from Columbia Climate School and across Columbia University are contributing to key events, sharing insights, and helping shape the dialogue toward ambitious, science-based solutions. Learn More
