mid-ocean ridges2
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Quakes Under Pacific Floor Reveal Unexpected Circulatory System
Study Upsets Long-Held Image of Volcanism-Driven Hydrothermal Vents
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Deep Magmatic Plumbing of Mid-Ocean Ridges Revealed
New images suggest that the Earth’s lower oceanic crust is generated from multiple magma sources
COP31, the 2026 United Nations Climate Change Conference, aims to advance dialogue, strengthen consensus, and accelerate climate action on a global scale. From November 9–20, 2026 in Antalya, Türkiye, heads of state, ministers, scientists, business leaders, and civil society will gather to advance efforts in emission targets, climate finance, and adaptation and resilience. Once again, our experts, students, and global thought leaders from Columbia Climate School and across Columbia University are contributing to key events, sharing insights, and helping shape the dialogue toward ambitious, science-based solutions. Learn More