In Utuado, a town in the hills of central Puerto Rico, “very little works.” That’s what Delsie Gandia, a resident, told me several days ago via email during a rare opening when she could connect to the internet.
Since Hurricane Maria’s 150-plus mph winds scoured the island into a mass of rubble and smashed infrastructure on Sept. 20, residents have been showering in the rain and washing clothes by hand with spring water, she said. Electricity had been restored to Utuado proper, but, said Gandia, “As I write, we have been plunged in darkness once again.” Roads are washed out or blocked by debris; damage to the local communications tower and unreliable power hampers phone and internet services. Many people were cut off from relief, emergency health care and other services. Utuado’s mayor, whose rural home was destroyed in the storm, hacked his way into town with a machete, she was told.
“My impression was that all systems collapsed,” she wrote. “The government simply couldn’t cope.” (Gandia, an economist and a relative of mine, has studied the economic and environmental impacts of global warming since the 1970s.)
Across the island, several hospitals are operating off generators, and schools and thousands of businesses are still closed. The bankrupt power authority, working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and crews from Florida and New York, struggles to clear millions of tons of debris, replace thousands of damaged poles and reconnect the island’s grid. As of Nov. 30, the government reported just over 60 percent of residents had power. The Army Corps of Engineers’ chief engineer estimated it could take nearly a year to get full power restored.
Puerto Rico suffered an estimated $94 billion or more in damage, on top of an already sagging economy and $74 billion in debt. The island needs a total reboot. Can it do it sustainably?
Less than a week after Maria hit, an informal group of people from around the Earth Institute started talking about how the institute can help develop a long-term reconstruction plan for the island. They are joining an ongoing conversation among non-profits, academics and private companies on and off the island.
With experts in macroeconomics and economic development, energy, agriculture and other pertinent fields, the Earth Institute “can contribute to thinking on what would a more sustainable and resilient Puerto Rico look like in a decade or more from now?” said Glenn Denning, a professor at the Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs who co-chairs the informal group. That could mean better housing, improved agriculture and food systems, and a more resilient energy supply. But as of right now, the feasibility of rebuilding sustainably remains problematic, said Denning.
“We have to reimagine how we’re going to rebuild.”
Politics may be the first obstacle: In Washington and on the island, Puerto Rican authorities, federal agencies and Congress, which oversees administration of the island, have been squabbling over money for relief, the island’s debt and who should control what.
“I don’t think it will happen under the current [political] constellation,” said Steve Cohen, executive director of the Earth Institute, who is participating in the informal group. “Frankly, it’s going to take several years just to recover and figure out what a sustainable future would be.”
“We have to reimagine how we’re going to rebuild,” Miguel Soto-Class, founder and president of a Puerto Rican think tank, Center for a New Economy, told the Associated Press. Soto-Class is a co-chairman of an advisory commission set up by three large U.S.-based foundations who have pledged at least $5 million toward recovery.
A number of private organizations have jumped into the gap. Because the electric grid underpins vital services such as water, food, health care and communications, many are focused on small-scale solar power, which can be tied to the grid but also operate independently if the grid goes down.
Tesla has installed a solar array to provide power to a children’s hospital in Guaynaboa and shipped hundreds of battery systems to the island for the relief effort. Puerto Rican authorities are talking to Tesla and other solar and battery tech firms about longer term prospects for rebuilding the power system, Bloomberg reports. Another company, Sunrun, is helping to install solar emergency power systems at fire stations. Sonnen, a German company that makes electricity storage systems for solar power, is subsidizing installation of several projects around the island.
Resilient Power Puerto Rico, a Brooklyn-based project, is enlisting “solar brigades” of local volunteers on the island to install 2-kilowatt mobile solar electric systems to help the worst-hit communities charge phones and tools, filter water and provide light. The next goal is to deliver 100 community solar stations in 100 days—20- to 40- kilowatt units large enough to fully power a community center, small business or other gathering place.
As it expands, the project will start training students from the University of Puerto Rico interested in pursuing related jobs, said Walter Meyer, an urban designer with Local Office Landscape Architecture in Brooklyn. He and three other Harvard graduates (attorney Cristina Roig Morris, landscape architect Jennifer Bolstad and architect Jonathan Marvel) co-lead the Resilient Power project. (The same group helped Rockaway neighborhoods recover after Superstorm Sandy hit New York City.)
Puerto Rico currently relies heavily on imported oil and coal. As a result, electricity is more expensive than on the mainland, and the central grid more vulnerable to storms that can shut down power plants and disrupt port activities. And PREPA, the Puerto Rican power authority, is bankrupt, mired by $9 billion in debt. The agency is a victim of the island’s sagging economy; but also, by its own account, it is plagued by poor management, expensive labor contracts and badly maintained infrastructure.
As part of its restructuring plan, PREPA wants to increase use of renewables from 3 percent to 18 percent, most of that solar, and shift heavily toward natural gas from oil (the plan also would increase reliance on coal from 17 percent to 22 percent). Some say that doesn’t go far enough.
Meyer envisions the whole island shifting to 100 percent renewable power, mostly solar, within two years. He said solar companies are flocking to the island because they see a chance to tackle the problem on a larger scale than ever before.
“We’re literally at the scale of a state in terms of geography and complexity — it’s the equivalent population of Connecticut,” he said. If they can succeed in Puerto Rico, you can start to see other states following suit, Meyer said.
His project is delivering solar power for $1 per watt, a tenth the cost of solar power in New York City, Meyer said. But it is also being funded by donations. Meyer says converting to off-grid power will take a combination of privately subsidized and market-based development, and big investments by government.
There are other ways to help Puerto Rico rebuild sustainably and weather the next storm. Several years ago, Meyer’s landscape firm converted a derelict strip of coastland at the Parque del Litoral in Mayaguez into wetlands, dunes and coastal forest to absorb runoff and protect the city from storm surges and tsunamis. It worked; despite Maria’s waves and heavy rain, local businesses stayed dry and were able to reopen within a week, Meyer said. The project also redirects drainage to protect coral reefs from polluted city runoff.
Rebuilding Puerto Rico overall will cost tens of billions of dollars, at least—and the island’s government is effectively bankrupt. Congress has placed the island’s financial matters under a federal oversight board, known as Promesa. Even before Maria, the island’s economy was struggling: After Congress revoked a favored tax status, companies left the island, manufacturing jobs dried up, and hundreds of thousands of residents fled to the mainland. (For more on the island’s economy, see these stories in Quartz and The Economist.)
“There has to be a bailout of some kind,” said Cohen. “We did this for GM and Chrysler [after the 2007-8 Great Recession hit] and it saved the auto industry … and all those jobs came back. … It’s not that you’re giving them the money. You’re giving them the chance to earn their way out of the debt.”
Denning agreed. “It’s crazy to think the private sector will step in and do all this development. We need some public investment to enable economic development—you need roads, electricity, clean water.”
Two ways to help: Resilient Power PR needs student volunteers on Friday, Dec. 1, from 9 a.m. to noon to help load pallets of solar panels bound for Puerto Rico. The location: 232 6th St. between 3rd and 4th Avenue in Gowanus, Brooklyn. Bring light work gloves. On Saturday, Dec. 2, the organization will hold a benefit concert at the Rockaway Brewery in Queens. Check their Facebook page.
It should be noted that excluding the price of the inverter and batteries and mounting systems, solar panels and a charge controller (to keep the battery safe with 12 v cables) are now offered on amazon at about a $1 per watt. (These would double the price)
In Pr it rains a lot so roof top water and cisterns should work well. I do know this worked because my grandparents lived in a home with a cistern and rain diverters from the roof. So this is at least a 105 year old technology. Some of the non us islands in the Carribbean use this technology, instead of central (highly energy consuming ) water supply. I have seen an interesting idea that would work there on Youtube, you build a metal roof structure covering an area close to the ground, and use to catch rainwater. At worst some water filtration for drinking water but none needed for toilets etc. All this is very old well proven tech, so move to it first. Note that today plastic cisterns exist whereas way back when they were concrete. (It was required where my grandparents lived because coal was not very deep on the land and it had put a lot of sulphur into the ground water.